It’s the end of August, the weather in the UK has turned so it’s the end of evenings sitting in the shade of the garden reading. I was writing a first draft of my next book (hopefully out next autumn) through August, but also managed to read a lot (a measure of how much time is usually eaten up by meetings).

Starting with work-related ones, I did quite well on this front this month.

Ungoverning by Russell Muirhead and Nancy Rosenblum. A rather interesting argument that that the programme of the Trump Administration and the Republicans/reactionary right more broadly is literally to dismantle the administrative state. It makes total sense.

The AI Paradox by Virginia Dignum discusses AI in terms of eight paradoxes. They didn’t all seem like paradoxes so I wasn’t sure about the device, but certainly agree with the main one that AI makes everything human more important.

Divination Engines by Xiaochang Li is a history of natural language programming, describing the interesting shift from audio and telecommunications to text and computation. I enjoyed this as there were all kinds of things I didn’t know in here.

Coding Capitalism by Devin Kennedy. I enjoyed this one too. It covers some of the familiar territory about the interaction between capitalism and computing in the postwar era, at least familiar to people who have read books like Jill Lepore’s If Then, but with a particular focus on financialisation.

Why Machines Learn by Anil Ananthaswamy was recommended to me as a good text. I wasn’t sure what to make of it. The first half or so is based on the maths and statistics familiar to me from graduate econometrics and micro. Even though it is pretty simplified, only quite mathematically-literate readers will stick with it. The second half was newer to me, about generative AI, convolutional neural networks and the like and really quite helpful. Again, though, the technicalities would be not enough for computer science folks but might put others off. It isn’t a textbook for computer science students nor is it a general read. But it is probably useful for economists who think they should get their heads around ML. The similarities to our familiar maths/stats are uncanny. It made me wonder whether there had been some overlap between the intellectual history of the two disciplines I’m not aware of, although I certainly haven’t read about it.

Thinking AI by John MacCormick actually covers some of the same technical ground, albeit in the service of arguing that machine consciousness is emerging. The logic seems flawed to me. It’s: computer neural networks are similar to human neural networks because they’re designed that way. Yes, he accepts, we know they don’t work the same way as the human brain (we humans don’t do backpropogation for example). But there are emergent phenomena of generative AI models. Therefore …. machines think. Hm. But I’m keeping an open mind. Blaise Aguera Y Arcas’s book What Is Intelligence was quite persuasive.

The Nerd Reich by Gil Duran rounds off this month’s tech (book) stack. Very readable, absolutely alarming.

On the non-work front:

Hookland Fragments by David Southwell. I’ve known David since I was a journalist and he was at a trade body i.e. a very long time. I really enjoy his Hookland, both imagined and very real.

The Second Traitor by Alex Girlis. A pacy spy thriller by our friend and neighbour.

Watching Over Her by Jean-Baptiste Andrea. One of my monthly surprises from Daunt Books, a good summer blockbuster.

The Rose Field by Philip Pullman. I read the whole series up to this so had to finish it, but you have to be a fan. I couldn’t manage to read the banal Harry Potter books although our eldest devoured them, so I went with His Dark Materials and then the less compelling Book of Dust.

The Secret Sharers by Qiu Xiaolong. I quite like these detective novels set in Shanghai although it isn’t detecting as we know it. There’s a lot of background especially about what people eat, always of interest to me.

The Things We Never Say by Elizabeth Strout. Bleak.

Death of a Lesser God by Vaseem Khan. Detective novel set in 1950s Bombay. Very readable.

The Appointment by Herta Muller. My goodness, Ceaucescu’s Romania was grim. I now feel I’ve done my duty by this Nobel literature laureate.

The Vegetarian by Han Kang. And probably by this one too. This is also a depressing read by the end, although it starts amusingly.

A Death in Summer by John Banville. Detective novel set in 60s Ireland. Constant smoking. Brilliantly written, brilliant characterisation.

The Pledge by Friedrich Durenmatt. The latest Daunt Books surprise. I didn’t know he’d written novels. Love the plays, enjoyed this too. You can tell it’s by the author of The Visit. Although it’s also rather bleak.

I was full of good intentions about reviewing some books at greater length in July, as term had ended, but it turned out meetings hadn’t ended. In any case, most of the books I read were non-work, listed below. But I did read Jeremy Adelman’s new book, The Capitalist Era. Very long-standing readers of this blog might remember that his biography of Albert Hirschman, Worldly Philosopher, won the second Enlightened Economist Prize back in 2013.

The new book is also excellent. Its subtitle is more informative: The Making – and Unmaking – of the Global Mind. It’s theme is globalisation, and the role played by successive waves of media and information technologies in shaping how people think of the rest of the world, and those who inhabit other countries. There are surprisingly few studies – at least that I’ve come across, no doubt many in other fields – that look at the role of radio and TV in previous decades, even though the internet and social media are intensively discussed. Charles Kenny is one of the exceptions who comes to mind, writing about the dramatic impact of cable TV in developing economies – of seeing the almost unbelievably different lives of those in the west.

The Capitalist Era does range wider than this. For example, the Chapter ‘After Nagasaki’ covers the sense of universal vulnerability caused by Bomb, and goes on to discuss other phenomena such as the ‘population time bomb’: “Fears of a population explosion affecting the whole planet required thinking in interconnected ways about the planet as a whole.” The following chapter goes on to environmental interdependence, symbolised by the famous ‘blue marble’ photo of Earth from Apollo 17.

The interdependence in the final chapter is financial; it begins with the Great Financial Crisis of 2008. The tide is turning against global thinking, it suggests, in reaction to the injustices of globalization. And yet the images from social media, satellites, mean what is happening elsewhere is more present than ever in our consciousness; we experience a “fluid mixture of self-interest and sympathy that bind the world’s strangers together while producing the fissures and torn feelings that are intrinsic to the global mind.”

I really enjoyed the book, which zips along and presents really interesting slices of recent world history. I’m not sure what conclusion to take from it, but perhaps that’s the point. Events unfold in a complex and unclear way. We live in the same world but different moral universes – and the forms of media we access mean these can collide or coincide.

Other reading – lots of fiction:

The Glass Room – Simon Mawer – a terrific novel about a mixed Jewish-Christian marriage and community in pre-war Czechoslovakia, and the same house and family after the war.

Mr Hire’s Engagement – Georges Simenon – one of his romans durs, the dark side of human psychology, although it’s all dark side to Simenon even in the Maigret novels.

The Spy in the Archive – Gordon Corera – the extraordinary tale of Mitrokhin, whose archive I only just realised is in my college, Churchill.

Twighlight in Musashino -Seicho Matsumoto – interesting sort-of policier, but more about the the role of the west in postwar Japan

The North Road – Rob Cowen – an actual and psychological journey up the Great North Road

By The Sea – Abdulrazak Gurnah – from a country we assume to be Tanzania and its fraught post-independence politics to the life of a refugee in an English seaside town, another great novel

Land of Green Plums – Herta Muller – coming of age in Ceaucescu’s Romania – took me a while to get into it, ended being very compelling

Who’s A Good Dog – Jessica Pierce – randomly sent to me, about the ethics of being a dog owner and why all dogs are good dogs really, just misunderstood

It’s the stage of the academic year where everyone, including me, is feeling pretty burned out. So there is a bit more escapist fiction than usual here. First the work-related reading.

We Are Not Machines – Sarah O’Connor. I wrote about this at more length, excellent reflections on how AI might change the world of work

The Thinking Machine – Stephen Witt. This was the FT Business Book of the Year. It’s a terrific read, a bio of Jensen Huang and Nvidia both. The ending is spectacular. Highly recommended

Trade World – Ed Conway. I read a proof copy. You are all in for a treat when it’s published.

The Political Economy of Artificial Intelligence – eds Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb and Catherine Tucker. This is a collection of papers from a 2024 NBER conference on AI and although they are quite interesting on the whole – covering for example subjects like defence and political preferences – they feel dated already.

And the non-work books:

Taiwan Travelogue, Yang Shuang-Zi. Winner of the International Booker Prize. I loved, loved, loved this book.

There’s No Turning Back – Alba De Cespedes. This was my Daunts subscription book this month, set in a girls’ college in Rome in the 1930s. Daring for the time, I would guess, and still shedding light on the trade-offs young women have to confront in life.

The Moro Affair – Leonardo Sciasia. An investigation of why the investigation into the kidnapping failed, and discussion of the convoluted Italian politics of those dark days. Not sure why I picked this up except that period in the 70s is generally interesting and odd.

She Walks At Night– Seishi Yokomizo. A newly translated Japanese crime classic.

The Burning Grounds – Abir Mukherjee. The latest in the excellent crime series set in Calcutta as the British Empire limps towards its end.

There are Places in the World Where Rules are Less Important Than Kindness – Carlo Rovelli. A collection of essays by the always-eloquent and thought-provoking physicist. Most of them are not about physics at all. The book made me fantasise about the day job  leaving me with enough energy to pen elegant essays about philosophy or Dante.

I have really enjoyed reading Sarah O’Connor’s new book We Are Not Machines: The Fight for the Future of Work. It weaves dispatches from the frontline of how AI and other digital tech is changing people’s jobs – from screenwriting and translating to truck driving, mining and working in an Amazon warehouse – into broader reflections on the nature of work. Some of the most powerful sections are about decisions not to work to the rhythm of machines but rather to find alternative ways of finding satisfaction and doing work that other humans value.

Readers of Sarah’s articles in the Financial Times – the only newspaper worth reading regularly any more – will be aware that she (& fellow journalist John Burn-Murdoch) keep up heroically with the vast amount of academic work on AI and labour markets, so the book is very well-informed about those debates. Combining that with reportage brings the issues to life, but also raises questions the academic literature rarely surfaces.

The one that stands out in my mind is why on earth our societies and politicians are going along with the use of AI to dehumanise the humans, to make people work to the rhythm of the machines. Truck drivers have long and unhealthy shifts because of the requirements imposed by the tachygraphs that regulate driving hours – the maximum becomes the target – and the answer to their risk of dozing off in the cab is still more machines to monitor them. In warehouse jobs, as the AI gets faster, the demands on the people serving the logistic robots become more relentless.

To some extent the answer is collective organisation – the Hollywood writers strike being one example, the Dutch Buurtzorg home care nursing organisation another. But of course there are bigger issues about the course modern capitalism has taken, making it seem inevitable that we will end up with lower-quality but cheaper AI-inflected services.The positive stories here of humans being able to make machines work for them are encouraging, but are also small victories in the bigger conflict.

The book has a wonderful quote from Lewis Mumford: “The purpose of art has never been labor-saving but labor-loving, a deliberate examination of function, form and symbolic ornament to enhance the interest of life itself.” Public opinion studies show that substituting for creative endeavour was the last thing people want AI to do, but it has ended up being the first thing. As the book concludes, “The future of work can be more worthy of the human mind, more careful of the human body, more satisfying to the human soul. But not without a fight.”

Technology will be the means to achieve a better future of work; the fight (as it always has been) is against the institutions using it to enrich and empower themselves at the expense of the common good.