Pricing the priceless

Paula DiPerna’s Pricing the Priceless is an excellent general introduction to the questions of measuring the value of nature, and the use of economic instruments to improve the sustainability of economic activity. The author has been involved in environmental campaigning ‘at the forefront of finance and climate policy’, as the blurb puts it.This included a pioneering privately-created carbon market in the US. Her aim is to persuade those concerned about the environment – and I take this as her target audience – that better outcomes will result from pricing nature, even accepting its intrinsic value.

The first chapter covers the flaws in the use of GDP as the metric of economic success – familiar territory. It’s somewhat unfairly dismissive of the efforts that have gone into the Sytem of Environmental Economic Accounting, that will bear fruit in the 2025 revision of the way GDP statistics are defined and measured. But as the chapter points out, the efforts to measure digital intangibles have helped parallel efforts to measure nature and ecosystem services.

Subsequent chapters take specific contexts and types of instrument – carbon markets, water markets, rhino bonds, carbon offsets and so on. They make for interesting reading. The chapter on China’s interest in carbon markets was particularly interesting. I hadn’t realised that it measures carbon intensity (per unit of eocnomic output) rather than the aboslute amount of CO2-equivalent.

For people who are already persuaded of the need for tools such as markets and payments for ecosystem services to improve the chances of a sustainable path to prosperity, the attraction of the book is in the vivid detail. The author has quite a florid writing style, but has a lot of insights and interesting detail, and it’s quite fun to read about her audience with the Pope (who was converted to the carbon markets idea). For the unpersuaded, the ecologists and environmentalists who find this approach repugnant (in the sense of Roth’s repugnant markets as well as the normal sense), I don’t know if the book will change their minds. I hope so.

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Politics and economics

There’s a sentence I underlined twice in Ben Ansell’s Why Politics Fails: “Politics makes growth.” This is my main takeaway from editing a series of policy essays from my colleagues in the Productivity Institute, which will be out at the end of November for National Productivity Week. If you ask people what are the two main causes of the UK’s dismal productivity in recent times they will pick what’s close to their own interests – various skills policies (the madness of the student loan system, the dreadful FE system, the madness of tearing up painstakingly-agreed T-levels for a new system…), R&D policies and the lack of institutions to enable the commercialisation of innovations, low investment levels because of a gazillion tax changes and low saving. But every essay circles back to politics: the politics of ‘announceables’, of over-centralisation, of silos, and so on.

Anyway, Why Politics Fails is an excellent introduction that does what it says in the title: it analyses political failures through the lens of five traps or, more accurately, trade-offs. The first chapter is about the tension in democracy between honouring majority preferences and protecting minorities. The equality trap is the trade-off between equal rights and equal outcomes. The third chapter is about solidarity, manifested only in situations of individual need. The security trap is the  balance between (too much) anarchy and (too much) order. And the prosperity trap concerns the short-run economic (and electoral) gains looking more attractive than long-run decision-making that will enable prosperity over time.

The book has lots of examples, contemporary and historical. It would make an excellent additional read for students, as well as being accessible to the general readership (and Reith Lectures audience). I liked its emphasis on the delicate role played by a country’s institutions – for example, the book suggests an argument against UBI is its institutional fragility, compared to making improvements in existing, well-established welfare states. And the prosperity chapter rightly points to the importance of institutions as bulwarks against short-termism. It occupied me for a trans-atlantic flight & I enjoyed reading it.

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A woman economist in charge

It has been a bit of a week, trying to get my dear husband the right medical care after he fell and smashed his elbow in the rain and darkness just over a week ago. Although he’s, thankfully, patched up with mesh, sellotape etc now, my concentration hasn’t been terrific. So mainly I’ve been reading detective novels. However, I did notice that Rachel Reeves’s book, The Women Who Made Modern Economics, has been published. I read a proof copy a little while ago, and would recommend it.

There are really two books combined here. One is a straightforward account of the work of important and often overlooked women economists, such as Beatrice Webb and Mary Paley Marshall via academics like Joan Robinson and Esther Duflo, all the way through to influential policy economists Christine Lagarde and Janet Yellen. As well as being mini-histories, these sections aim to show why and how being female influenced for the better the economics, by bringing to bear a different kind of experience or understanding of the context in which policies operate. They are nicely written, and I wholeheartedly agree on the importance of diverse experience to improve economic analysis, but the biographical details are not novel.

The second element is more interesting in the present political context, namely the picture the book paints of Reeves’s own framework for thinking about economic policy, which she grounds in her own life experience and in the ideas of the economists she writes about. Given that this highly impressive politician looks increasingly likely to be the UK’s next Chancellor, this is of real interest. I think the book paints a pretty coherent picture of a strategic approach to the supply side of the economy, combined with a clear-eyed view about the importance of macroeconomic stability, and the strong sense of social justice you would hope for from a senior Labour figure. Reeves rejects simplistic ‘free marketism’ while being obviously in favour of businesses succeeding. She emphasises the importance of taking into account unpaid care, still typically women’s work. She attacks the continuing gender pay gap and Britain’s retreat from overseas aid.

Reeves is of course an economist by training and by work experience (Bank of England and the banking sector). There are specifics I might disagree with her about – but her economic philosophy as set out here is consistent and credible. Of course, all the good sense on display in her analysis will be needed, given the legacy being left by the present government for its successor.

Folks, we might be in line for a Chancellor with a sound grasp of economics beyond the textbook (or the blackboard, to use Coase’s term) and an interesting hinterland. The two strands of The Women Who Made Modern Economics don’t, in my view, sit together comfortably; the ‘lessons’ drawn from the historical figures for some aspect of modern policy, to link the strands together, are a bit strained. But the sense and coherence of Reeves’s personal manifesto for the economy makes it well worth a read.

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Maniacs

I’ve *thoroughly* enjoyed The Maniac by Benjamin Labatut (as I did his first, When We Cease to Understand the World). It’s a sort of fictionalised biography of John von Neumann, although very different from a non-fictional biography – like the excellent The Man From The Future by Ananya Bhattacharya – in taking some liberties. The structure is a series of short memory snapshots by people who had known him – his daughter, his 2nd wife, colleagues like Wigner and Morgenstern – with (generally unflattering) perspectives on both the man and the work.

In recent years I’ve been increasingly obsessed with the influence of early 20th century middle European/Vienna circle thought in sumperimposing the positivist/normative dualism on Cartesian dualism. This has given economics – among other modern intellectual disciplines – both its analytical strength and its massive limitations. At its heart are Godel’s incompleteness theorems: the point of The Maniac is to link this question to the modern world of computation and AI. Can AI ever become ‘alive’ or think for itself? Well do you believe Gödel applies to a Turing machine with the Von Neumann architecture – or not? Labatut’s novel ends with Von Neumann dying of the cancer that eventually destroyed his extraordinary intelligence, and leaving the reader wondering whether the great man’s late obsession with computation and the evolution of life was an early sign of madness, or brilliance.

I enjoyed also Stephen Budiansky’s biography of Godel, Journey to the Edge of Reason. And recently listed some other books I’ve read of late on positivism and its discontents. By coincidence I’m also partway through Sergii Plokhy’s Atoms and Ashes, which starts with the US race to detonate hydrogen bombs after the war, and the fallout from the Ivy Mike test – and also can thoroughly recommend Philippe Sands book, The Last Colony, about the Marshall Islanders’ long journey through the international courts for compensation. (I don’t watch movies in general but should maybe make an exception for Oppenheimer.)

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Books at a workshop

A while ago I took part in an interesting interdisciplinary workshop at The New Institute in Hamburg on the broad theme of a ‘new Enlightenment’. There was more than the usual amount of recommending books, thanks to the fact that people don’t know each other’s academic literatures. Here’s what I managed to jot down – I’ve read quite a few but not all:

Globalists Quinn Slobodian

Can We Afford the Future Frank Ackerman

How to Blow Up A Pipeline Andreas Malm

The Logic of Collective Action Mancur Olson

Why Some Things Should Not Be For Sale Debra Satz

Economic Calculation and Forms or Property Charles Bettelheim

Capitalism Against Capitalism Michel Albert

Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists Rajan and Zingales

The Great Leveler Walter Scheidel

Education, Justice & Democracy Danielle Allen and Rob Reich

There were many papers cited too – it’s always good to bring a reading list home from a conference.